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Wrought iron (usually simply referred to as "iron") was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. The wrought iron rail, invented by John Birkinshaw in 1820, solved these problems. These are smooth edgerails for wheels with flanges.Ĭast iron was not a satisfactory material for rails because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became the standard for railways.Ĭast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company ironworks for the Cromford and High Peak Railway (1831). These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side into the early 19th century.
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Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was the Lake Lock Rail Road in 1796. Jessop became a partner in the Butterley Company in 1790. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge-rails. In 1789, William Jessop had introduced a form of all-iron edge rail and flanged wheels for an extension to the Charnwood Forest Canal at Nanpantan, Loughborough, Leicestershire. In 1803, William Jessop opened the Surrey Iron Railway, a double track plateway, sometimes erroneously cited as world's first public railway, in south London. The plate rail was taken up by Benjamin Outram for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his Butterley ironworks. John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed.
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Ī system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates – these became known as plateways. At first only balloon loops could be used for turning wagons, but later, movable points were introduced that allowed passing loops to be created. In the late 1760s, the Coalbrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast iron to the upper surface of wooden rails, which increased their durability and load-bearing ability. The introduction of steam engines for powering blast air to blast furnaces led to a large increase in British iron production after the mid-1750s. Cast iron rails of the Alexandrovsky plant railway in Russia. Metal rails introduced A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon, the tracks are plateways. In 1764, the first railway in America was built in Lewiston, New York. The Middleton Railway in Leeds, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. It ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham. The Wollaton Wagonway, completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. A funicular railway was made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1604. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away. A wagonway was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Ī wagonway was introduced to England by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, possibly in the 1560s. There are many references to wagonways in central Europe in the 16th century. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. They soon became popular in Europe and an example of their operation was illustrated by Georgius Agricola (see image) in his 1556 work De re metallica. Wagonways (or tramways), with wooden rails and horse-drawn traffic, are known to have been used in the 1550s to facilitate transportation of ore tubs to and from mines. The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks. Minecart shown in De Re Metallica (1556).
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It may be the oldest operational railway. The line still exists and remains operational, although in updated form. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. See also: Funicular, Wagonway, Tramway (industrial), and Plateway Wooden rails introduced Salzburg's Reisszug, as it appears today